Interrogatives (Question Words) in English

 **Interrogatives (Question Words) in English**

Interrogatives, or question words, are used to ask questions that seek specific information. Each question word has a particular function in gathering different types of information. Here’s a guide to the common question words and their usage:

### **1. Who**

- **Purpose:** Asks about a person or people.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **Who** is coming to the party?

  - **Who** did you meet yesterday?

- **Notes:** *Who* is used as the subject or object in questions about people.

### **2. What**

- **Purpose:** Asks about things, ideas, or actions.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **What** is your favorite color?

  - **What** did you do on your vacation?

- **Notes:** *What* can be used to inquire about a thing, concept, or event.

### **3. Where**

- **Purpose:** Asks about a place or location.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **Where** are we going?

  - **Where** did you put my keys?

- **Notes:** *Where* is used to seek information about locations or places.

### **4. When**

- **Purpose:** Asks about time or dates.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **When** does the meeting start?

  - **When** are you leaving for vacation?

- **Notes:** *When* is used to inquire about specific times or dates.

### **5. Why**

- **Purpose:** Asks about reasons or causes.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **Why** are you late?

  - **Why** did she leave early?

- **Notes:** *Why* seeks to understand reasons or motives.

### **6. How**

- **Purpose:** Asks about the manner, process, or condition.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **How** do you make this recipe?

  - **How** are you feeling today?

- **Notes:** *How* is used to inquire about the way something is done or the state of something.

### **7. Which**

- **Purpose:** Asks to specify or choose among a set of options.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **Which** book do you want to read?

  - **Which** color do you prefer?

- **Notes:** *Which* is used when there are multiple options to choose from.

### **8. Whose**

- **Purpose:** Asks about ownership or possession.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **Whose** jacket is this?

  - **Whose** turn is it to cook?

- **Notes:** *Whose* is used to ask about who owns or is responsible for something.

### **9. How many**

- **Purpose:** Asks about quantity or countable items.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **How many** apples are in the basket?

  - **How many** people attended the event?

- **Notes:** *How many* is used to inquire about the number of countable items.

### **10. How much**

- **Purpose:** Asks about quantity or amount, usually for uncountable items.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **How much** water is in the bottle?

  - **How much** does this cost?

- **Notes:** *How much* is used for asking about uncountable quantities or amounts.

### **11. How long**

- **Purpose:** Asks about the duration or length of time.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **How long** will the meeting last?

  - **How long** have you been studying?

- **Notes:** *How long* inquires about the length of time.

### **12. How often**

- **Purpose:** Asks about frequency or regularity.

- **Usage in Questions:**

  - **How often** do you exercise?

  - **How often** do you visit your grandparents?

- **Notes:** *How often* is used to ask about the frequency of an action.

### **Examples in Sentences:**

- **Who:** *Who is your teacher?*

- **What:** *What is the capital of France?*

- **Where:** *Where did you put the document?*

- **When:** *When is your birthday?*

- **Why:** *Why are you upset?*

- **How:** *How do you solve this problem?*

- **Which:** *Which route should we take?*

- **Whose:** *Whose car is parked outside?*

- **How many:** *How many students are in the class?*

- **How much:** *How much sugar do we need?*

- **How long:** *How long is the film?*

- **How often:** *How often do you travel for work?*

### **Summary:**

Interrogatives are crucial for asking questions and obtaining specific information. Each question word serves a unique purpose in gathering details about people, things, places, time, reasons, processes, choices, possession, quantity, duration, and frequency.

Formation of Interrogative Sentences in English

 **Formation of Interrogative Sentences in English**

Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions. In English, interrogative sentences are formed by changing the word order and sometimes adding a helping verb. There are different types of questions, such as **yes/no questions** and **wh-questions**, and each has a specific structure.

### **1. Yes/No Questions**

Yes/No questions are questions that can be answered with either "yes" or "no." They are formed by placing the auxiliary verb (helping verb) before the subject.

#### **Formula:**

**Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **Is** she coming to the party?

- **Are** they going to the concert?

- **Do** you like ice cream?

- **Does** he play football?

- **Did** you finish your homework?

### **2. Wh-Questions**

Wh-questions are used to ask for specific information. These questions begin with a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how) and follow a specific structure.

#### **Formula:**

**Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **What** are you doing?

- **Where** is she going?

- **Why** did they leave early?

- **How** do you make this dish?

- **When** does the train arrive?

### **3. Interrogatives with the Verb "To Be"**

When using the verb *to be* (am, is, are, was, were) in the present or past tense, simply switch the position of the subject and the verb.

#### **Formula:**

**To Be Verb + Subject + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **Are** you ready?

- **Is** he your brother?

- **Were** they at the meeting?

- **Was** it raining yesterday?

### **4. Interrogatives with Modal Verbs**

Modal verbs (can, will, should, could, etc.) also form questions by switching the position of the modal verb and the subject.

#### **Formula:**

**Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **Can** you help me?

- **Will** she come to the party?

- **Should** we leave now?

- **Could** you open the door?

### **5. Questions Without Auxiliary Verbs**

For questions using *who, what,* or *which* as the subject of the sentence, the question form is similar to a statement, but with the question word at the beginning.

#### **Formula:**

**Question Word + Main Verb + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **Who** broke the vase?

- **What** happened yesterday?

- **Which** book is yours?

### **6. Negative Interrogative Questions**

Negative interrogative questions are used when the speaker expects the answer to be "yes" or when expressing surprise or disbelief. These are formed by adding **not** to the auxiliary verb or using contractions like *isn't, aren't, doesn't, didn't,* etc.

#### **Formula:**

**Auxiliary Verb + Subject + not + Main Verb + Object/Complement?**

#### **Examples:**

- **Didn’t** you see the movie?

- **Isn’t** she your friend?

- **Aren’t** they coming with us?

### **Examples in Sentences:**

- **Yes/No Question:** Do you speak English?

- **Wh-Question:** What time is it?

- **To Be Question:** Are you a teacher?

- **Modal Question:** Can you drive a car?

- **Negative Interrogative:** Didn’t you hear the news?

### **Summary:**

To form interrogative sentences:

- For **yes/no questions**, place the auxiliary verb before the subject.

- For **wh-questions**, begin with a question word, followed by the auxiliary verb and subject.

- For the **verb "to be"**, switch the subject and verb.

- For **modal verbs**, place the modal before the subject.

- Use **negative interrogatives** when expecting a positive response or expressing surprise.

Interrogative sentences are essential for seeking information and engaging in meaningful conversations.

SHORT FORM AFFIRMATIVE

 **Short Form Affirmatives in English**

Short form affirmatives, also called **affirmative contractions**, are commonly used in informal English to shorten and simplify sentences. These contractions are formed by combining a subject (noun or pronoun) with a verb using an apostrophe to replace missing letters. They are frequently used in casual conversations, text messages, and informal writing.

### **Examples of Short Form Affirmatives:**

1. **With the Verb "To Be":**

   - **I am** → *I’m*

     - *I’m happy to see you.*

   - **You are** → *You’re*

     - *You’re my best friend.*

   - **He is** → *He’s*

     - *He’s at work.*

   - **She is** → *She’s*

     - *She’s coming over.*

   - **It is** → *It’s*

     - *It’s a sunny day.*

   - **We are** → *We’re*

     - *We’re going to the park.*

   - **They are** → *They’re*

     - *They’re playing soccer.*

2. **With the Verb "Have":**

   - **I have** → *I’ve*

     - *I’ve been there before.*

   - **You have** → *You’ve*

     - *You’ve done a great job.*

   - **He has** → *He’s*

     - *He’s finished his homework.*

   - **She has** → *She’s*

     - *She’s already left.*

   - **It has** → *It’s*

     - *It’s been a long day.*

   - **We have** → *We’ve*

     - *We’ve just arrived.*

   - **They have** → *They’ve*

     - *They’ve seen the movie.*

3. **With the Verb "Will":**

   - **I will** → *I’ll*

     - *I’ll help you with that.*

   - **You will** → *You’ll*

     - *You’ll love this place.*

   - **He will** → *He’ll*

     - *He’ll call you later.*

   - **She will** → *She’ll*

     - *She’ll bring the cake.*

   - **It will** → *It’ll*

     - *It’ll rain soon.*

   - **We will** → *We’ll*

     - *We’ll meet at 6 p.m.*

   - **They will** → *They’ll*

     - *They’ll come tomorrow.*

4. **With the Verb "Would":**

   - **I would** → *I’d*

     - *I’d love to go.*

   - **You would** → *You’d*

     - *You’d better hurry.*

   - **He would** → *He’d*

     - *He’d be happy to help.*

   - **She would** → *She’d*

     - *She’d like some coffee.*

   - **It would** → *It’d*

     - *It’d be great to see you.*

   - **We would** → *We’d*

     - *We’d have stayed longer if we could.*

   - **They would** → *They’d*

     - *They’d enjoy the trip.*

### **Usage:**

- Affirmative contractions are widely used in **spoken English** and **informal writing**.

- They make sentences shorter, smoother, and more conversational.

- In **formal writing**, full forms such as *I am, you are,* and *he will* are preferred.

### **Examples in Sentences:**

- *I’m excited for the weekend.*

- *You’re going to love this restaurant.*

- *He’s been working hard lately.*

- *We’ll see you soon.*

- *They’ve already left the party.*

### **Summary:**

Short form affirmatives simplify common expressions by combining a subject with a verb. These contractions make sentences more fluid and are typical in casual speech and writing.

SHORT FORM NEGATIVES

 **Short Form Negatives in English**

In English, **short form negatives** (also called **contractions**) are created by combining a verb with the word **"not"**. These contractions are commonly used in informal writing and speech to make sentences sound more natural and conversational.

### **How to Form Short Form Negatives:**

The most common way to form short negatives is by joining the verb and *not*, often with an apostrophe (*) to indicate the missing letters.

#### **Examples of Short Form Negatives:**

1. **With Auxiliary Verbs:**

   - **is not** → *isn’t*

     - *He isn’t coming.*

   - **are not** → *aren’t*

     - *They aren’t here yet.*

   - **was not** → *wasn’t*

     - *She wasn’t at the party.*

   - **were not** → *weren’t*

     - *We weren’t expecting you.*

2. **With Helping Verbs:**

   - **do not** → *don’t*

     - *I don’t like pizza.*

   - **does not** → *doesn’t*

     - *She doesn’t know the answer.*

   - **did not** → *didn’t*

     - *He didn’t finish his homework.*

3. **With Modal Verbs:**

   - **cannot** → *can’t*

     - *I can’t swim.*

   - **will not** → *won’t*

     - *She won’t attend the meeting.*

   - **would not** → *wouldn’t*

     - *He wouldn’t do that.*

   - **should not** → *shouldn’t*

     - *You shouldn’t go outside.*

   - **could not** → *couldn’t*

     - *They couldn’t find the keys.*

   - **might not** → *mightn’t*

     - *I mightn’t be able to join you.*

   - **must not** → *mustn’t*

     - *You mustn’t talk loudly.*

4. **With "have" and "had":**

   - **have not** → *haven’t*

     - *I haven’t seen the movie yet.*

   - **has not** → *hasn’t*

     - *She hasn’t done her homework.*

   - **had not** → *hadn’t*

     - *They hadn’t arrived on time.*

### **Usage:**

- Short form negatives are typically used in **informal conversation**, emails, text messages, and casual writing. 

- In **formal writing**, it’s better to use the full forms (*do not, will not, have not*).

### **Examples in Sentences:**

- *I don’t understand the problem.*

- *She isn’t coming to the party.*

- *We haven’t finished the project yet.*

- *He won’t agree to those terms.*

### **Summary:**

Short form negatives make sentences more concise and informal. They are created by contracting auxiliary or modal verbs with *not* using an apostrophe.

FORMATION OF THE NEGATIVE

 FORMATION OF THE NEGATIVE

The **formation of the negative** in English is essential for indicating that something is not true or that an action has not occurred. Creating negative sentences involves using specific words, such as *not* or *no*, along with auxiliary or helping verbs.

### **Basic Rules for Forming Negatives:**

1. **Using "not" with Auxiliary Verbs:**

   The most common way to form a negative sentence is by adding *not* after an auxiliary (helping) verb.

   

   - **Present Tense:**

     - Use the auxiliary verb *do* (does for third-person singular) along with *not*.

     - **Examples:**

       - Positive: *I like ice cream.*

       - Negative: *I do not (don’t) like ice cream.*

       - Positive: *He likes ice cream.*

       - Negative: *He does not (doesn’t) like ice cream.*

   

   - **Past Tense:**

     - Use the auxiliary verb *did* (the same for all subjects) and *not*.

     - **Examples:**

       - Positive: *She went to the party.*

       - Negative: *She did not (didn’t) go to the party.*

2. **Using "not" with Modal Verbs:**

   When using modal verbs like *can, could, will, would, may, might, must*, you add *not* after the modal verb.

   

   - **Examples:**

     - Positive: *She can swim.*

     - Negative: *She cannot (can’t) swim.*

     - Positive: *They will help.*

     - Negative: *They will not (won’t) help.*

3. **Negative with "to be" Verbs:**

   When the main verb is a form of *to be* (am, is, are, was, were), the negative is formed by adding *not* directly after the verb.

   

   - **Present Tense:**

     - **Examples:**

       - Positive: *I am happy.*

       - Negative: *I am not happy.*

       - Positive: *They are ready.*

       - Negative: *They are not (aren’t) ready.*

   

   - **Past Tense:**

     - **Examples:**

       - Positive: *She was tired.*

       - Negative: *She was not (wasn’t) tired.*

       - Positive: *We were there.*

       - Negative: *We were not (weren’t) there.*

4. **Negatives with "have" Verbs:**

   If the sentence uses *have* or *has* as an auxiliary verb (for perfect tenses), *not* is added after the auxiliary verb.

   

   - **Examples:**

     - Positive: *He has finished his homework.*

     - Negative: *He has not (hasn’t) finished his homework.*

     - Positive: *They have seen the movie.*

     - Negative: *They have not (haven’t) seen the movie.*

5. **Negatives in Imperative Sentences (Commands):**

   To make an imperative sentence negative, place *do not* or *don’t* before the base form of the verb.

   

   - **Examples:**

     - Positive: *Close the door.*

     - Negative: *Do not (Don’t) close the door.*

     - Positive: *Tell me the truth.*

     - Negative: *Do not (Don’t) tell me the truth.*

6. **Using "No" in Negatives:**

   In some cases, *no* can be used to form a negative, often replacing *not* in certain contexts.

   

   - **Examples:**

     - Positive: *There is money.*

     - Negative: *There is no money.*

     - Positive: *She has friends.*

     - Negative: *She has no friends.*

7. **Negative Contractions:**

   In informal speech and writing, contractions are commonly used to form negatives. Here are some examples of common negative contractions:

   

   - **do not** → *don’t*

   - **does not** → *doesn’t*

   - **did not** → *didn’t*

   - **cannot** → *can’t*

   - **will not** → *won’t*

   - **is not** → *isn’t*

   - **are not** → *aren’t*

   - **has not** → *hasn’t*

   - **have not** → *haven’t*

   - **was not** → *wasn’t*

   - **were not** → *weren’t*

### **Examples of Negative Sentence Formation:**

1. **With action verbs:**

   - Positive: *She plays tennis.*

   - Negative: *She does not (doesn’t) play tennis.*

2. **With the verb "to be":**

   - Positive: *They are excited.*

   - Negative: *They are not (aren’t) excited.*

3. **With modal verbs:**

   - Positive: *He will come tomorrow.*

   - Negative: *He will not (won’t) come tomorrow.*

4. **In past tense:**

   - Positive: *I visited my friend.*

   - Negative: *I did not (didn’t) visit my friend.*

5. **In imperative sentences:**

   - Positive: *Call me later.*

   - Negative: *Do not (don’t) call me later.*

### **Double Negatives:**

In standard English, using two negative words in a sentence is generally considered incorrect. A **double negative** can create confusion and often results in a positive meaning.

   

   - Incorrect: *I don’t have no money.* (This means you have money.)

   - Correct: *I don’t have any money.*

### **Summary:**

To form negative sentences:

- Use *not* after auxiliary verbs (*do, does, did, can, will,* etc.).

- Use *not* with the *to be* verb forms (*am, is, are, was, were*).

- Use *no* when indicating the absence of something.

- Use *don’t* or *doesn’t* with action verbs in the present tense and *didn’t* for past actions.

Forming the negative properly ensures clear communication, whether in daily conversation, formal writing, or other forms of expression.

VERB

 VREB

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are a key part of any sentence, as they convey what the subject is doing or what is happening to the subject. Here is a detailed overview of verbs:

### **Types of Verbs:**

1. **Action Verbs:**

   - These verbs express physical or mental actions.

   - **Examples:** run, jump, think, read

   - **Sentence Example:** *She runs every morning.*

2. **Linking Verbs:**

   - Linking verbs do not show action but rather connect the subject to more information. They often describe a state of being.

   - **Examples:** is, are, was, were, seem, become

   - **Sentence Example:** *She is happy.*

3. **Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs):**

   - These verbs help the main verb by extending its meaning. They are used to create different tenses, moods, or voices.

   - **Examples:** has, have, will, can, should, might

   - **Sentence Example:** *She has been working all day.*

4. **Modal Verbs:**

   - Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, permission, or ability.

   - **Examples:** can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

   - **Sentence Example:** *She can speak three languages.*

### **Verb Forms:**

Verbs change forms based on tense, person, number, and voice. Here are the common forms of verbs:

1. **Base Form:**

   - The simplest form of the verb.

   - **Example:** *to eat, to run*

2. **Past Tense:**

   - Describes an action that has already happened.

   - **Example:** *He ate lunch.*

3. **Present Participle:**

   - Often used in continuous tenses.

   - **Example:** *She is running.*

4. **Past Participle:**

   - Used with auxiliary verbs to create perfect tenses.

   - **Example:** *He has eaten.*

### **Verb Tenses:**

Verb tenses show when an action occurs. There are three main tenses, each with four aspects.

1. **Present Tense:**

   - **Simple:** *She writes.*

   - **Continuous:** *She is writing.*

   - **Perfect:** *She has written.*

   - **Perfect Continuous:** *She has been writing.*

2. **Past Tense:**

   - **Simple:** *She wrote.*

   - **Continuous:** *She was writing.*

   - **Perfect:** *She had written.*

   - **Perfect Continuous:** *She had been writing.*

3. **Future Tense:**

   - **Simple:** *She will write.*

   - **Continuous:** *She will be writing.*

   - **Perfect:** *She will have written.*

   - **Perfect Continuous:** *She will have been writing.*

### **Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:**

- **Transitive Verbs:** Require a direct object to complete their meaning.

   - **Example:** *She wrote a letter.* (What did she write? A letter.)

- **Intransitive Verbs:** Do not require a direct object.

   - **Example:** *She sleeps.* (No object is needed.)

Verbs are the backbone of sentences, providing action, description, and function. Understanding the types and forms of verbs is essential for creating clear and precise communication.

KIND OF SENTENCSE

 KIND OF SENTENCES

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought, and it typically contains a subject and a predicate. There are several types of sentences based on structure and purpose. Here's a breakdown:

### **1. Based on Structure:**

1. **Simple Sentence:**

   - Contains one independent clause (a complete thought).

   - Example: *She reads books.*

2. **Compound Sentence:**

   - Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (e.g., *and, but, or*).

   - Example: *She reads books, and she writes stories.*

3. **Complex Sentence:**

   - Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause.

   - Example: *Although she was tired, she continued reading.*

4. **Compound-Complex Sentence:**

   - Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

   - Example: *Although she was tired, she continued reading, and she finished the book.*

### **2. Based on Purpose:**

1. **Declarative Sentence (Statement):**

   - Makes a statement and ends with a period.

   - Example: *I enjoy reading.*

2. **Interrogative Sentence (Question):**

   - Asks a question and ends with a question mark.

   - Example: *Do you like to read?*

3. **Imperative Sentence (Command or Request):**

   - Gives a command or makes a request. It can end with a period or exclamation mark.

   - Example: *Please close the door.*

4. **Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamation):**

   - Expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark.

   - Example: *What a beautiful day!*

Each type of sentence has a specific role in communication, allowing for clarity, emphasis, and variety in writing or speech.